awesome-unix

macOS is the current series of Unix-based graphical operating systems developed and marketed by Apple Inc. designed to run on Apple's personal computers

AIX is a series of proprietary Unix operating systems developed and sold by IBM for several of its computer platforms

HP-UX is Hewlett Packard Enterprise's proprietary implementation of the Unix operating system, based on UNIX System V

UnixWare is a Unix operating system made by Xinuos from the assets of SCO Group

OpenServer is a Unix operating system made by Xinuos from the assets of SCO Group

IBM z/OS is an operating system for IBM zSystems mainframes

OpenBSD is a free and open-source Unix-like computer operating system descended from Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), a Research Unix derivative developed at the University of California, Berkeley known for its security and development discipline

FuguIta is an OpenBSD live CD featuring portable workplace, low hardware requirements, additional software, and partial support for Japanese

Fork of OpenBSD that tracks OpenBSD base with a number of enhancements and modifications

NetBSD is a free and open source Unix-like operating system that descends from Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD), a Research Unix derivative developed at the University of California, Berkeley known for its wideranging platform support

DragonFly BSD is a free and open source Unix-like operating system created as a fork of FreeBSD 4.8

FreeBSD is a free and open-source Unix®-like operating system descended from Research Unix via the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) known for its software package availability and speed

GhostBSD is a Unix®-like operating system based on TrueOS with as its default desktop environment

MidnightBSD is a free Unix®-like, desktop-oriented operating system based on FreeBSD 6.1 that borrows heavily from the NeXTSTEP graphical user interface

HardenedBSD is a security-enhanced fork of FreeBSD. The HardenedBSD Project implements a number of exploit mitigation and security technologies on top of FreeBSD

TrueNAS CORE (formerly known as FreeNAS®) is a free and open-source network-attached storage (NAS) software based on FreeBSD and the OpenZFS file system

pfSense is an open source firewall/router computer software distribution based on FreeBSD

OPNsense originally forked from pfSense in 2014 over technical differences between developers of pfSense

Xinuos® OpenServer 10® commercial operating system based on FreeBSD 10 and designed to support business applications. 💰

XigmaNAS (formerly known as NAS4Free) is an embedded Open Source NAS (Network-Attached Storage) distribution based on the latest FreeBSD releases

helloSystem is a FreeBSD-based desktop system for creators with a focus on simplicity, elegance, and usability. Its design follows the “Less, but better” philosophy. It is intended as a system for “mere mortals”, welcoming to switchers from the Mac

Slackware is a Linux distribution created by Patrick Volkerding in 1993. Slackware aims for design stability and simplicity and to be the most "Unix-like" Linux distribution

Salix is a Linux distribution based on Slackware that is simple, fast, and easy to use. Salix adds automated dependency resolution, a larger repository of applications, and a suite of native administration and configuration tools for both the GUI and the command line

Devuan Linux is a fork of Debian without systemd from Unix veterans with the goal of becoming the new go-to base distribution for Linux. XFCE is default desktop environment

Heads is a live CD to connect securely over Tor, unlike Tails it does not rely on systemd or non-free software. awesome is default desktop environment

Gnuinos is a lightweight Linux libre distro based on Devuan with no non-free software featuring OpenBox desktop

Gentoo is a Linux distribution built using the Portage package management system. Unlike a binary software distribution, the source code is compiled locally at the time of installation. Gentoo is known for its speed

Funtoo Linux is a Linux-based operating system that is a variant of Gentoo Linux

Redcore Linux is a distribution based on Gentoo Linux that aims to be a very quick way to install a pure Gentoo Linux system without spending hours or days compiling from source code

Alpine Linux is an independent, non-commercial, general purpose Linux distribution designed for power users who appreciate security, simplicity and resource efficiency

Adélie Linux was created by Gentoo users who combined the power of Alpine with the ease-of-use of a binary package manager. Adélie is notable for supporting x86, PowerPC, MIPS, and ARM platforms

Void is a general purpose operating system, based on the monolithic Linux kernel, features XBPS packaging system

GuixSD is an advanced distribution of the GNU operating system developed by the GNU Project, home of gcc and the GPL, which respects the freedom of computer users

Linux From Scratch is a way to install a working Linux system by building and installing all components manually, including the bootloader, kernel, and user programs

The Dragora project produces a libre, reliable, Unix-like GNU/Linux distribution made from scratch

Ubuntu is a Debian-based Linux distribution published by Canonical® who offer commercial support for enterprise-class Ubuntu Server variant

POP!_OS is a developer and maker-focused minimalist Linux distro from Linux hardware manufacturer System 76®. It runs on any x86-compatible hardware

Distro elementaryOS is a consumer-oriented Linux distribution based on Ubuntu. It is the flagship distribution to showcase the Pantheon desktop environment. 💰

Red Hat Enterprise Linux is a Linux distribution developed by Red Hat® and targeted toward the commercial market. 💰

SUSE Linux Enterprise workstation/server is a Linux-based operating system developed by SUSE®. It is designed for servers, mainframes, and workstations. 💰

Oracle Linux® is compiled from Red Hat Enterprise Linux source code, replacing Red Hat branding with Oracle's, optimized to run Oracle software. 💰

Deepin is a popular Chinese Linux distribution based on Debian with a focus on being a user-friendly desktop Linux distribution. It includes a number of pre-installed proprietary applications, such as Skype

Clear Linux is a distribution developed and maintained by Intel, the makers of Intel computer processors. The distribution is heavily optimized for Intel processors at the kernel and library levels. As a result is it one of the highest performing Linux distros on x86_64 hardware

Debian is a Unix-like computer operating system that is composed entirely of free software, most of which is under the GNU General Public License and packaged by a group of individuals participating in the Debian Project

Fedora is an Unix-like operating system based on the Linux kernel and GNU programs (a Linux distribution), developed by the community-supported Fedora Project and sponsored by the Red Hat company

CentOS Stream is a Linux distribution that attempts to provide a free, enterprise-class, community-supported computing platform

Mageia is a Linux based operating system, distributed as free and open source software. It is forked from the Mandriva Linux distribution

openSUSE formerly SUSE Linux and SuSE Linux Professional, is a Linux-based project and distribution sponsored by SUSE Linux and other companies

Arch Linux is a Linux distribution for computers based on x86-64 architectures

Manjaro Linux is an open source operating system for computers. It is a distribution of Linux based on the Arch Linux distribution

Parabola is derived from Arch and provides packages from it that meet the Free Software Foundation guidelines and replacements for the packages that don't

Solus is an independent desktop operating system based on the Linux kernel. It is offered as a curated rolling release model. It is the flagship distro for the Budgie desktop environment and closely tracks optimizations found in Clear Linux, making it one of the fastest desktop Linux distros available

Linux Mint is a community-driven Linux distribution based on Debian and Ubuntu that strives to be a "modern, elegant and comfortable operating system which is both powerful and easy to use

Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google®, based on the Linux kernel and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

Chrome OS is an operating system designed by Google that is based on the Linux kernel and uses the Google Chrome™ web browser as its principal user interface

CopperheadOS is a source-available operating system for smartphones and tablet computers, based on the Android mobile platform. It is based on the official releases of the Android Open Source Project by Google®, with added privacy and security features.💰

postmarketOS, is a free and open-source operating system under development primarily for smartphones, based on the lightweight Alpine Linux distribution

Halium is the collaborative project to unify the Hardware Abstraction Layer for projects which run GNU/Linux on mobile devices with pre-installed Android

LineageOS is a free and open-source operating system for smartphones and tablet computers, based on the Android mobile platform, forked from CyanogenMod

Mer is a free and open-source software distribution, targeted at hardware vendors to serve as a middleware for Linux kernel-based mobile-oriented operating systems. It is a fork of ™

Sailfish OS is a general purpose Linux used commonly as mobile operating system combining the Linux kernel, the open-source Mer core stack of middleware, a proprietary UI, and other third-party components

Tizen is an open source, standards-based software platform for multiple device categories, including smartphones, tablets, TVs, netbooks and automotive infotainment platforms

WebOS is a Linux kernel-based multitasking operating system for smart devices that has been was first used as a mobile operating system on Palm devices and introduced a number of UX/design metaphors later duplicated in iOS and Android. Initially developed by Palm, then acquired by HP, and now owned by Qualcomm, it is now commonly found on LG-brand smart TVs

LuneOS is a mobile operating system based on the Linux kernel and currently developed by WebOS Ports community. LuneOS is the open source successor for Palm/HP webOS where the user interface is rebuilt from scratch by using the latest technologies available and installs on any devices compatible with CyanogenMod

Windows® Subsystem for Linux (WSL) is a compatibility layer for running Linux binary executables natively on Windows 10. WSL currently supports Ubuntu, OpenSUSE Leap, SUSE Enterprise Linux, Debian, and Kali Linux. Official Fedora support is coming soon. Unofficial support for other distributions. 💰

QubesOS is a security-focused desktop operating system that aims to provide security through isolation. Virtualization is performed by Xen®, and user environments can be based on Fedora, Debian, Whonix, and Microsoft Windows, among other operating systems

Bedrock Linux is a Linux distribution that currently installs from an existing Linux installation, allowing the user to select a preferred init at boot time and install Linux packages from multiple distributions at the same time

GoboLinux is an alternative Linux distribution which redefines the entire filesystem hierarchy. In GoboLinux you don't need a package database because the filesystem is the database

GNUSTEP is a Linux live CD distribution based on Debian that prominently features the application frameworks, a free software re-implementation of the OPENSTEP and Cocoa frameworks originally developed by NeXT with Sun Microsystems

oasis

A small statically-linked linux system suitable for a range of uses including server and desktop. The entire system can be compiled in minutes

Tails is a security-focused Debian-based Linux distribution aimed at preserving privacy and anonymity

Red Star OS is a North Korean Linux operating system developed for use in North Korea that computer researches have watermarks every document and media file on a computer or on any USB stick connected to it

Kali Linux is a Debian-derived Linux distribution designed for digital forensics and penetration testing. It is maintained and funded by Offensive Security Ltd

NixOS is a Linux distribution that built on the unique completely declarative Nix package manager

OpenWrt is an open source project for an embedded operating system based on Linux, primarily used on embedded devices to route network traffic

A Linux distribution for a variety of embedded devices. The distribution is the result of work by developers from the OpenZaurus, OpenEmbedded, and OpenSIMpad projects

Poky is a reference distribution for the Yocto Project™, an open source project that provides templates, tools, and methods to create custom Linux-based systems for embedded devices

Ubuntu Core is a tiny, transactional version of Ubuntu for IoT devices and large container deployments

Raspberry Pi OS is a Debian-based computer operating system for Raspberry Pi

Tiny Core Linux (TCL) is a minimal Linux operating system focusing on providing a base system using BusyBox and FLTK, developed by Robert Shingledecker

iOS is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. with a larged shared code base with macOS

watchOS is the mobile operating system of the Apple Watch®, developed by Apple Inc. It is based on the iOS operating system

tvOS is an operating system developed by Apple Inc. for the fourth-generation and later Apple TV digital media player. It is based on the iOS operating system

Solaris is a Unix operating system originally developed by Sun Microsystems, acquired by Oracle in 2010

Derived from OpenSolaris, illumos is a free and open-source Unix operating system, derived from SVR4 UNIX and BSD

OpenIndiana is a free and open-source, Unix operating system derived from OpenSolaris and based on illumos. Developers forked OpenSolaris after Oracle Corporation discontinued it

SmartOS is a free and open-source SVR4 hypervisor, based on the illumos operating system that combines OpenSolaris technology with Linux's KVM virtualization

OmniOS builds on illumos to make a complete operating system and provide users with a familiar, installable operating system with a minimal package set to ease regulatory compliance

DilOS is an illumos-based platform featuring the Debian package manager (dpkg+apt)

Tribblix is an operating system created by Peter Tribble. Derived from OpenSolaris, OpenIndiana, and illumos, it blends a retro style with modern components

XStreamOS is an effort to mantain a distribution of the illumos kernel, featuring a customized text install, the ZFS fileystem, advanced features, and a starting point to contribute and develop the illumos kernel

Server-only, IPS-based minimal SPARC-only distribution of illumos

GNU Hurd is a multiserver microkernel developed by the GNU Project. It has been under development since 1990 and is designed as a replacement for the Unix kernel. It is released as free software under the GNU General Public License

Debian GNU/Hurd is an implementation of the GNU Hurd on the Debian userspace with the apt package manager

Arch GNU/Hurd is an implementation of the GNU Hurd on the Arch userspace with the pacman package manager

Minix® is a POSIX®-compliant Unix-like computer operating system based on a microkernel architecture. In 2017 it was learned that Intel™ used a version of MINIX on many of its x86-series processors, perhaps making it the most popular Unix-like operating system

Haiku is a free and open-source operating system compatible with the now-discontinued BeOS.® Its development began in 2001, and the operating system became self-hosting in 2008

PureDarwin is a operating system based on the open-source components of Apple's macOS operating system, principally code derived from NeXTSTEP, BSD, Mach, and other software projects released under free software licenses

Minoca OS

Minoca OS is a general purpose operating system written from scratch. It aims to be lean, maintainable, modular, and compatible with existing software

Redox is a Unix-like microkernel operating system written in the programming language Rust, a language with focus on safety and high performance. Redox aims to be secure, usable, and free

Akaros

Akaros is an open source, GPL-licensed operating system for manycore architectures. The goal is to provide support for parallel and high-performance applications and to scale to a large number of cores

Sortix is a small self-hosting operating-system aiming to be a clean and modern POSIX implementation, a hobbyist operating system written from scratch with its own base system, including kernel and standard library, as well as ports of third party software

ToaruOS

ToaruOS is a hobbyist, educational, Unix-like operating system built entirely from scratch. It includes a kernel, bootloader, dynamic linker, C standard library, composited windowing system, and several utilities and applications

FiwixOS is a UNIX-like operating system that includes the Fiwix kernel, GNU Toolchain, libraries and additional software. It uses as its C library and all the included software is free and open-source software. The Fiwix kernel is written from scratch and aims for Linux 2.0 system call compatiblility

9front is a fork of Plan 9 from Bell Labs by the People's Front of Cat-V. It is a next generation mushroom cloud computing platform for the 20th century

9legacy is an experimental patch queue for Plan 9 from Bell Labs

Harvey is an effort to provide a modern, distributed, 64 bit operating system. A different environment for researching and finding new lines of work. It can be built with gcc and clang and has an ANSI/POSIX compliant subsystem

Inferno was an effort to commercialize Plan 9 as networking software. However, like Plan 9, it remained obscure while its ideas permeated into current operating systems

Jehanne is a new distributed operating system designed for programmers. The core values that lead the development are simplicity and security. Jehanne is a fork of Harvey

QNX is a commercial Unix-like real-time operating system, aimed primarily at the embedded systems market, found in many modern automobiles. 💰

Integrity is a real-time operating systems produced and marketed by Green Hills Software. Integrity-178B has a top National Security Agency rating. 💰

The LynxOS RTOS is a Unix-like real-time operating system from Lynx Software Technologies. LynxOS features full POSIX conformance and, more recently, Linux compatibility. 💰

NuttX is a real-time operating system (RTOS) with an emphasis on standards compliance and small footprint. Scalable, the primary focus in NuttX are POSIX and ANSI standards

Fuchsia is a new real-time operating system (RTOS) by Google with a degree of POSIX compataibility

From IBM

Excerpt from

From Tech Republic 📰

From Techcrunch 📰

The Unix Heritage Wiki aims to collect the available historical documents of Unix into one central place so they can be studied by researchers and Unix enthusiasts alike

A simplified diagram by Éric Lévénez of UNIX history and several useful other UNIX historical resources

The Multicians web site presents the story of the Multics operating system for people interested in the system's history

Paper presents a brief history of the early development of the Unix operating system, by Dennis M. Ritchie

A history of BSD, from the original UNIX through the litigation and 4.4BSD. An excerpt from "Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution", O'Reilly Media, 1st edition (January 1999), ISBN 1565925823. 📚

Peter Salus, Addison-Wesley Professional, June 10, 1994, ISBN 978-0201547771. 📚

Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie, Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1978, ISBN 0131101633. 📚

📼

From "Computer Chronicles" TV Series (1985). 📼

From "Computer Chronicles" TV Series (1989). 📼

By Brian Kernighan at Vintage Computer Federation East 10 (2016). 📼

The history and evolution of the Unix operating system from 1972 to 2016 by Diomidis Spinellis

Diomidis Spinellis at Fosdem 2018. 📼

By Warren Toomey

Eric Steven Raymond, Thyrsus Enterprises, 2003. 📚

📄

By Bryan Cantrill, CTO of Joyent, developer of illumos-based SmartOS, at FutureStack13 (2013). 📼

📰

The suckless project is the home of dwm, dmenu, and other quality software with a focus on simplicity, clarity, and frugality

A book for anyone to get started with Unix

The Art of Command Line

Master the command line, in one page

is a general-purpose computer programming language developed at Bell Labs concurrently with UNIX. Most UNIX and NIX operating systems are still written in versions of C, with notable exceptions such as in and in

Rust Learning

A bunch of links to blog posts, articles, videos, etc for learning Rust

Awesome Rust

A curated list of Rust code and resources

Awesome Modern C++

A collection of resources on modern C++

Awesome Swift

A collaborative list of awesome Swift libraries and resources

Awesome Programming

A curated list of awesome programming talks, articles, books, resources and more

learning-fortran

Repository created in order to learn basics of Fortran, with links to several tutorials

Awesome Fortran

A curated list of Fortran libraries

Python Learning Resources

Resources for learning Python

Awesome Python

A curated list of awesome Python frameworks, libraries, software, and resources

Collection of abandonware operating systems, including many old UNIX and Unix-like operating systems

A git-based archive of abandonware operating systems

Emulate the original AT&T UNIX

Browse the source code and manuals of various old versions of Unix

Unix History Repository

The source code of the original UNIX through its various versions implemented in git

®

NixCraft is an online community of new and seasoned Linux / Unix users

LWN is a reader-supported news site dedicated to producing the best coverage from within the Linux and free software development communities

A social news aggregation, web content rating, and discussion website

General GNU/Linux discussion. ~330k users

Dedicated to NIX customization, screenshots, and configurations. ~123k users

Specific news, information, and discussion about Ubuntu. ~95k users

Arch Linux discussion and support. ~65k users

News and other stuff about Debian. ~23k users

News, information, and support surrounding Fedora. ~16k users

A place for all things BSD. ~10k users

News and more about FreeBSD. ~9k users

Slackware Linux discussion and support. ~2k users

Discussion surrounding Plan 9 from Bell Labs. ~1k users

Discussion, support, progress reports, and news about Haiku OS. ~1k users

GNU HURD discussion and support. ~1k users

Oracle Solaris news and discussion. ~1k users

Discussion surrounding the MINIX 3 OS by Andrew S. Tanenbaum. ~600 users

DistroWatch is a website which provides news, popularity rankings, and other general information about various Linux distributions and operating systems

IRC , see for more about IRC

IRC

IRC

The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a nonprofit with a worldwide mission to promote computer user freedom. We defend the rights of all software users

The Open Source Initiative (OSI) protects and promotes open source software, development and communities, championing software freedom in society

By Eric S. Raymond

The USENIX Association is the Advanced Computing Systems Association. It was founded in 1975 under the name "Unix Users Group," focusing primarily on the study and development of Unix and similar systems

The Open Group is a vendor- and technology-neutral industry consortium and is the certifying body for the UNIX trademark and publishes the Single UNIX Specification technical standard, which extends the POSIX standards

The Linux Foundation (LF) is dedicated to building sustainable ecosystems around open source projects to accelerate technology development and commercial adoption. The largest open source non-profit organization, it works to promote, protect, and advance Linux and collaborative development

The FreeBSD Foundation is a non-profit organization dedicated to supporting and building the FreeBSD Project and community worldwide

Xenix is a discontinued version of the Unix operating system for various microcomputer platforms, licensed by Microsoft® from AT&T in the late 1970s. After the discontinuation of Xenix, Microsoft offered for Windows NT 4 through Windows 8. Windows 10, the successor to Windows 8, features the

BSD/OS (originally called BSD/386 and sometimes known as BSDi) is a discontinued proprietary version of the BSD operating system developed by Berkeley Software Design, Inc. (BSDi)

NeXTSTEP is a discontinued object-oriented, multitasking operating system based on UNIX. It was developed by NeXT Computer in the late 1980s and early 1990s and was initially used for its range of proprietary workstation computers such as the NeXTcube

Project Athena was a joint project of MIT, Digital Equipment Corporation, and IBM to produce a campus-wide distributed computing environment for educational use. The project spawned many technologies that are widely used today, such as the and . Athena was originally based on BSD, followed by IRIX, and then Linux. The Athena tools live in an MIT student project,

IRIX is a discontinued operating system developed by Silicon Graphics (SGI) to run natively on their MIPS workstations and servers. It is based on UNIX System V with BSD extensions. SGI's Indigo Magic™ Desktop for IRIX® is still for IRIX and Linux

BeOS is an operating system for personal computers first developed by Be Inc. in 1991 built for digital media work with partial POSIX® compatibility

NEWS-OS was an operating system from Sony based on that powered a line of series of Unix workstations sold during the late 1980s and 1990s. The first NEWS machine workstations appeared in Japan in January 1987 and was conceived as a desktop replacement for the VAX series. NEWS-OS was notable for having advanced TCP/IP networking features and being the first development tool for the new Sony Playstation

With project lead, Toshihide Doi

With Alex Rosenberg, former Manager of Platform Architecture at Sony

Darwin is an open-source Unix operating system released by Apple, Inc. It is composed of code developed by Apple, as well as code derived from NeXTSTEP, BSD, Mach, and other free software projects

MkLinux is an open source computer operating system started by the Open Group and Apple in 1996 to port Linux to Macintosh computers. Its last release was in 2002

Cooperative Linux, abbreviated coLinux, was software which allowed Microsoft Windows and the Linux kernel to run simultaneously in parallel on the same machine

ULTRIX is the brand name of Digital Equipment Corporation's discontinued native UNIX operating systems for the PDP-11, VAX, and DECstations

Tru64 UNIX® is a discontinued 64-bit UNIX® operating system for the Alpha® platform, currently owned by HP®. Previously, Tru64 UNIX® was a product of Compaq® and before that DEC™, where it was known as Digital UNIX™. It was unusual among commercial UNIX implementations as it is built on top of the like macOS.®

Apple Technical Brief, July 2011

By Bryan Cantrill, CTO of Joylent, developer of illumos-based SmartOS, at USENEX LISA '11 (2011). 📼

By Peter Tribble, developer of illumos-based Tribblix, at FLOSSUK8 (2017). 📼

Archive of pre-compiled open source applications for Sun Solaris 2.5 through 11

Archive of illumos and OpenSolaris distributions

Resource that aims to support open source developers providing resources including web space, remote shell account service, and so on

MeetBSD is an annual event gathering of users and developers of the BSD operating systems family

By Kirk McKusick, USENIX℠ Board Member, at MeetBSD California (2014). 📼

By Kirk McKusick. DVD. 218 minutes. $19.95. 📼

Archive of BSD distributions

BSD Distributions Timeline

Graph of BSD distributions

BSD family tree from freebsd-src

Comparison of BSD operating systems

List of BSD operating systems

Revolution OS is a 2001 documentary which traces the history of GNU, Linux, and the open source and free software movements. (2001). 📼

LSB is an effort to develop a unifying set of standards for Linux not unlike the Open Group's standards for UNIX

Archive of Linux distributions

Linux Distribution Timeline

Graph of Linux distributions

macOS laptops and desktops

FreeBSD servers

Linux laptops and desktops

Linux laptops

Linux laptops, desktops, and servers

Linux laptops, desktops, and servers

Linux and HP-UX servers

Linux and Solaris servers

Linux laptops, desktops, and servers

Linux and AIX servers

Linux laptops, desktops, and servers

Linux PowerPC® workstation

Linux laptop with PowerPC architecture

Linux laptops and desktops

Linux and Solaris servers

Linux servers

Linux servers

Chrome OS laptops and desktops

Linux laptops and desktops

UNIX® and The Open Group® are trademarks of The Open Group. Use of The Open Group trademarks are authorized by The Open Group as "Editorial or Articles, but not Advertising" and/or permitted by trademark fair use under United States law

The OSI logo is a trademark of Open Source Initiative and is used