programming-languages

Accelerate

Embedded language for high-performance array computations

Agda

Dependently typed functional language

Alice ML

Functional programming language based on Standard ML, extended with support for concurrent, distributed, and constraint programming

Amulet

ML-like functional programming language

Amulet

Simple functional programming language in the ML tradition, with support for higher-rank parametric polymorphic types and row-polymorphic records, pattern matching with algebraic data types, and tail recursion elimination

Atto

Insanely simple self-hosted functional programming language

Beluga

Functional programming language designed for reasoning about formal systems

Bosatsu

Python-ish pure and total functional programming language

Braid

Functional language with Reason-like syntax that compiles to Go

Bright ML

Statically-typed programming language based on "F-ing modules"

Calypso

Mostly imperative language with some functional influences that is focused on flexibility and simplicity

Clio

Functional, parallel, distributed programming language. ( )

cur

Powerful meta-programming for powerful types

Derw

Elm-inspired language that transpiles to TypeScript

Discus

Experimental dialect of Haskell which investigates static typing and program transformation in the presence of computational effects

Ditto

Functional, statically typed, and pure

Dynasty

Interpreted, dynamically-typed, lazily evaluated, purely functional programming language

Functional language with handlers of not only exceptions, but also of other computational effects such as state or I/O

Effekt

Research language with effect handlers and lightweight effect polymorphism. ( )

Enki

Intended to be a logic language for teaching programming to people with no programming experience

Eta

Dialect of Haskell on the JVM

Eve

Programming language based on years of research into building a human-first programming platform

Expresso

Simple expressions language with polymorphic extensible row types. ( )

General-purpose functional programming language with effects aimed at program verification

F#

Open-source, cross-platform functional programming language for .NET

Facet

Call-by-value functional language with algebraic effects, quantitative type theory, and staging

Fika

Statically typed functional programming language for the web

Flix

Statically typed functional- and logic programming language inspired by Scala, OCaml, F#, Haskell, and Datalog. ( )

Functa

Flexible, fully functional dynamic programming language

Futhark

Purely functional data-parallel programming language. Its optimising compiler is able to compile it to typically very performant GPU code

Gluon

Static, type inferred and embeddable language written in Rust

Grace

Ready-to-fork interpreted, typed, and functional language

Granule

Statically typed functional language with graded modal types for fine-grained program reasoning via types

Advanced, purely functional programming language

Hemlock

Synthesizes the expressive type and module systems of ML-family languages, a unified parametric effects/mutability/type system, and the shared-nothing message-passing parallelism of Erlang

Ink

Minimal programming language inspired by modern JavaScript and Go, with functional style. ( )

Keli

( ) ( )

Ko

Generic type-safe language for concurrent, stateful, deadlock-free systems and protocol manipulations

Koka

Function-oriented language with effect inference

Labrys

Toy language based on LLVM that implements the System Fω type-system

lambda-ski

Small functional language with a combinator based graph-reduction machine

LLVM-based statically or dynamically typed strict functional programming language. Simplified OCaml if you will

Lawvere

Categorical programming language with effects

Leo

Functional, statically-typed programming language built for writing private applications

LinearML

Functional language for parallel programming

lviv

Stack-based RPN functional programming language. Written in Scheme

Mlatu

Statically typed, stack-based purely functional programming language designed for simplicity, speed, and safety

morloc

Typed, polyglot, functional language

Nazo ML

Experimental implementation of temporal-logic-based Hindley-Milner type system

Neut

Dependently-typed programming language based on the Calculus of Constructions. ( )

Never

Statically typed, embedded functional programming language

Industrial strength language supporting functional, imperative and object-oriented styles

Pikelet

Small, functional, dependently typed programming language

Salt

Compilation target that functional programmers always wanted

Silt

An in-progress fast, dependently typed, functional programming language implemented in Swift

Sixten

Experimental functional language where all data is unboxed by default. Functional programming with fewer indirections

Spiral

Functional language with intensional polymorphism and first-class staging

TAMGU

FIL programming language: Functional, Imperative, Logical all in one for annotation and data augmentation

Tao

Statically-typed functional programming language

Functional Language for Practical Complexity Analysis with Invariants

TopShell

Purely functional, reactive scripting language

Tyrade

Pure functional language for type-level programming in Rust

Unison

Modern, statically-typed purely functional language, similar to Haskell, but with a unique ability to describe entire distributed systems with a single program

Minimal, "nearly pure" functional programming language invented by David Madore. Based on combinatory logic. ( )

Ur/Web

Implementation of a domain-specific functional programming language for web applications

Verve

Functional language for the working hacker

Yeti

ML-like functional language for the JVM. ( )

Zilch

Statically-typed, low-level, functional programming language with some focus on runtime performance

Carp

Statically typed lisp, without a GC, for real-time applications. ( )

Clojure

Dynamic, general-purpose, combining the approachability and interactive development of a scripting language with an efficient and robust infrastructure for multithreaded programming

Modern, multi-paradigm, high-performance, compiled, ANSI-standardized, most prominent (along with Scheme) descendant of the long-running family of Lisp programming languages

dialect of the Lisp programming language used as a scripting language by Emacs with some later influence from Common Lisp. Created by GNU it supports imperative and functional programming methods

femtolisp

Lightweight, robust, scheme-like lisp implementation

Fennel

Lua Lisp Language

Hime

A general programming language running on the JVM platform

Janet

Functional and imperative programming language and bytecode interpreter

Ketos

Lisp dialect scripting and extension language for Rust programs. ( )

Liz

Lisp-flavored general-purpose programming language (based on Zig)

llrl

Lisp-like programming language powered by Rust + LLVM

Lux

Functional, statically-typed Lisp that will run on several platforms, such as the Java Virtual Machine and JavaScript interpreters

Simple and lightweight and encourages clean, concise code

Ren

Cleaner, clearer JavaScript. Modern scripting language for the Web

Lisp implementation for Lua. ( ) ( )

Inko

Statically-typed, safe, object-oriented programming languages for writing concurrent programs

Pharo

A pure object-oriented programming language and a powerful environment derived from Squeak Smalltalk

A pure message-oriented programming language and its environment implemented in '72 to test Alan Kay's idea of "programming by messaging"

Ceu

Reactive language that aims to offer a higher-level and safer alternative to C. ( )

Synchronous reactive language that allows simple expression of parallelism and preemption and is based on logical instants and zero time hypothesis. ( )

FuncSug

Language for GUI programming that allows program codes to follow the same order as the scenario

Pendulum

Synchronous reactive language (OCaml extension) to program reactive systems on the Web

Reactive ML

Synchronous reactive language that combines the temporal expressiveness of synchronous languages with the power of functional programming.( )

SugarCubes

Synchronous (à la Boussinot) reactive language that allows to write reactive parallel/concurrent programs on top of sequential JavaScript

General-purpose, strongly typed, performant, readable and safe language

Low-level functional language for exploring refinement types, lifetime inference, and other fun features. ( ) ( ) ( )

General-purpose, imperative, supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope and recursion, while a static type system prevents many unintended operations

Chaos

Strongly typed, dynamic yet compilable, test-oriented procedural programming language that achieves zero cyclomatic complexity. ( )

General-purpose programming language with static typing, systems-level access, and C-like syntax

Go

Compiled, statically typed in the tradition of Algol and C, with garbage collection, limited structural typing, memory safety features and CSP-style concurrent programming features added

Haxe

High-level and strictly-typed, cross-compiles to many different targets

High-level, dynamic, weakly typed, prototype-based, multi-paradigm, and interpreted

Julia

High-level, high-performance dynamic language for technical computing

Nim

Both high-level and systems-level language, with productivity of Python, performance of C and meta-programming of Lisp

General-purpose and object-oriented, adds Smalltalk-style messaging to the C programming language

Python

Interpreted high-level language for general-purpose programming

Ring

Innovative and practical general-purpose multi-paradigm language

Swift

General-purpose, multi-paradigm, compiled programming language

TypeScript

Strict syntactical superset of JavaScript that adds optional static typing to the language

ArnoldC

Programming language based on the one-liners of Arnold Schwarzenegger

C-plus-Equality

Feminist programming language

dogescript

Wow so syntax very doge much future

ABS

Programming language that works best when you're scripting on your terminal

Acton

Compiled language, offering the speed of C but with a considerably simpler programming model

Alan

Programming language that does concurrency for you and can thus separate how the software is written from how it runs

Antimony

Language that gets out of your way. ( )

Arturo

Simple, modern and powerful interpreted programming language for efficient scripting. ( )

Astro

Fun safe language for rapid prototyping and high performance applications

Austral

Systems language with linear types

Bagel

Statically typed, reactive language with pure and impure functions. ( )

Ballerina

Open-source programming language for the cloud that makes it easier to use, combine, and create network services. ( )

Basil

Fast and flexible language exploring partial evaluation, context-sensitive parsing, and metaprogramming. Compiles JIT or AOT to native code

Beef

Open source performance-oriented compiled programming language which has been built hand-in-hand with its IDE environment

BIPLAN

Byte coded Interpreted Programming language

BlazeX

AOT compiled object oriented programming language

Bog

Small, strongly typed, embeddable language. Written in Zig

Bolt

Research language with finer-grained concurrency than Rust. ( )

Boson

Hybrid programming language written in Rust

Bosque

Experiment in regularized design for a machine assisted rapid and reliable software development lifecycle. ( )

Aims to be a concise and friendly language for building efficient software

buzz

Small/lightweight typed scripting language written in Zig

Cairo

Programming language for writing provable programs. ( )

Caledon

Dependently typed, polymorphic, higher order logic programming language

Cane

A small vector language designed for making beats with realtime MIDI

Cant

Programming language descended mainly from E and Scheme

Categorical programming language. ( )

Ć

Language which can be translated automatically to C, C++, C#, Java, JavaScript, Python, Swift, TypeScript and OpenCL C. ( )

Ciao

Programming language that builds up from a logic-based simple kernel, and is designed to be extensible and modular

Clay

Programming language designed for Generic Programming

Programming language created at MIT

Cognate

Quasi-concatenative stack language that uses embedded comments to read like English prose

Compose

Experimental programming language. It aims to be teachable, scalable, modern, powerful & precise

Open source JVM programming language designed for building reliable, scalable, high performance concurrent, distributed and parallel systems. ( )

Cone

Fast, fit, friendly, and safe systems programming language. ( )

Experimental programming language that can be used as a replacement to C and C++

Cotowali

Statically typed scripting language that transpile into POSIX sh

Crunch

Strongly & statically typed systems level language focused on ease of use, portability and speed

CUP

Simple, C-like programming language

DaCE

Data-Centric Parallel Programming

High-performance statically strong typed scripting language. ( )

Dictu

High-level dynamically typed, multi-paradigm, interpreted programming language. ( )

Dynamically typed interpreted programming language written in Python, which gives emphasis to readability and ease of use, while also providing the power of all of python’s libraries. ( )

Disco

Functional teaching language for use in a discrete mathematics course

Ditto

Super Kawaii Dependently Typed Programming Language

Dora

JIT-compiler for the programming language Dora implemented in Rust

Programming language that features extensible efficient non-linear pattern matching with backtracking for non-free data types. ( )

Ein

Functional programming language for scalable development

Computer programming language interpreter written in Rust

Elsa

Minimal, fast and secure QuickJS wrapper written in Go. ( )

Open-source, full-blown programming language consisting of emojis. ( )

Enso

Visual and textual functional programming language

EO

Experimental Object-Oriented Programming Language Based on 𝜑-Calculus. ( )

FaCT

Flexible and Constant Time Programming Language

Practical stack language. ( )

fe

Tiny, embeddable language implemented in ANSI C. ( )

Felix

Advanced, statically typed, high performance scripting language with native C++ embedding

F--

Uncurried minimal functional programming language

Flax

Level, general-purpose language with high level syntax and expressibility

Foolang

Smalltalk-inspired language. ( )

Turing-complete esoteric programming language invented by the mathematician John Conway. ( ) ( )

Ghost

Small, class-based scripting language. ( )

GLICOL

Graph-oriented live coding language written in Rust. Make music with code. ( )

Pragmatic language for the JVM. ( )

Embeddable programming language. ( ) ( )

Gwion

Strongly-timed language aimed at music creation. Heavily inspired by ChucK

Haskell-style functional programming language running on Erlang VM. ( ) ( )

Systems programming language designed to be simple, stable, and robust. ( )

Hascal

General purpose and open source programming language designed to build optimal, maintainable, reliable and efficient software

Hazure

ML-Inspired programming language that transpiles to Typescript

Hedy

Gradual programming language, which increases in syntactic elements level by level. ( )

Two-dimensional stack-based programming language. ( )

Hook

Cross-platform scripting language with a C-like syntax, dynamic typing, mutable value semantics approach, and memory management through reference counting

Horse64

Simple & versatile high-level programming language. ( )

Hugorm

Mission-critical scripting language

Husky

Programming language designed for many difficult tasks which haven't yet been seen as programmable at all

_hyperscript

Small scripting language for the web

Programming language with a focus on string manipulation. ( )

Statically-typed, safe, object-oriented programming language for writing concurrent programs

IntercalScript

Systems programming language for the web that combines a simple and consistent syntax with a static type system that completely eliminates runtime type errors

io

Programming language. Inspired by Self, Smalltalk and LISP. ( )

Jai

High-level programming language developed by Jonathan Blow

jakt

Memory-safe systems programming language. Currently transpiles to C++

Kara

Statically typed, LLVM-based programming language. It's designed to be fast and easy to use

Experimental programming language inspired by Swift and Idris

Kempe

Compiled stack-based language

Conservative, Scheme-like dialect of Lisp in which everything is a first-class object

Kinx

Looks like JavaScript, feels like Ruby, and it is the script language fitting in C programmers

Statically typed, stack-based functional programming language designed to be simple and fast. ( )

Koto

Embeddable scripting language, written in Rust

Language for writing database-backed HTML applications. ( )

L2

Minimalist type-inferred programming language with procedural macro support

Lama

Programming language developed by JetBrains Research for educational purposes as an exemplary language to introduce the domain of programming languages, compilers and tools

Lia

High-Level Language for Rust

liblg

Minimal stack-based VM. ( )

General purpose stand-alone programming language that comes with a built-in library suitable for making games and other graphical things

LoLa

Small programming language meant to be embedded into games. ( )

Lore

General-purpose programming language featuring multi-functions, structs and traits, structural typing enabling component-based programming, and intersection and semantic types

Fast, small, safe, gradually typed embeddable scripting language derived from Lua. ( ) ( )

Luf

Statically typed, embeddable, scripting language written in Zig

Data processing and visualization environment

Object-oriented programming language designed for researchers, experimenters, and engineers interested in large-scale numerical and graphic applications

Luster

Experimental Lua VM implemented in pure Rust

Statically programming language which is targeting embedded programming

Lys

Language that compiles to WebAssembly

Makam

Tool for rapid language prototyping

Makeshift

Programming language that was designed to bootstrap the Ashet Home Computer

Manticore

High-level parallel programming language aimed at general-purpose applications running on multi-core processors. ( )

Mare

Reimagining of the Pony language in Crystal

Mech

Language for developing data-driven, reactive systems like animations, games, and robots. ( )

Completely declarative programming language

micro-mitten

Bare-bones Rust-like programming language, stripped down to simplify control-flow structures and the type system. ( )

min

Tiny concatenative programming language and shell

MiniAgda

Prototypical dependently typed languages with sized types and variances

Refreshing programming language for the front-end web. ( ) ( )

Mu

Minimal-dependency hobbyist computing stack

Mun

Programming language empowering creation through iteration

Muon

Modern low-level programming language

Myst

Structured, dynamic, general-purpose language

Nelua

Minimal, efficient, statically-typed and meta-programmable systems programming language heavily inspired by Lua, which compiles to C and native code. ( )

High-level, statically typed, garbage collected, imperative programming language intended for teaching and learning the craft of programming. ( )

Neptune

Fast, concurrent and embeddable scripting language

Nixt

Interpreted lisp inspired programming language written in Rust

nullc

Fast C-like programming language with advanced features. ( )

Oak

Portable programming language with an compact intermediate representation

Expressive, simple, dynamic programming language. ( )

Odin

Fast, concise, readable, pragmatic and open sourced. It is designed with the intent of replacing C

Ogol

Variant of the Logo computer language

Oxide

Interpreted scripting language with a Rust influenced syntax

Passerine

Small, concise, extensible functional scripting language, powered by a VM written in Rust. ( ) ( )

Programming language for scalable development. ( ) ( )

Peregrine

Easy to use systems programming language with Python-like syntax

Pocketlang

Small, fast and friendly language for scripting and embedding. ( ) ( )

Pointless

Scripting language for learning and fun. ( )

Open-source, object-oriented, actor-model, capabilities-secure, high-performance programming language. ( )

Power-Fx

Low-code general purpose programming language. ( )

PowerShell

Cross-platform strongly dynamic typed object-based with functional features automation and configuration language

Python like scripting language. ( )

Pyxell

Multi-paradigm, statically typed programming language, compiled to machine code via C++. ( )

q

Programming language focusing on performance and efficiency

Radiance

Simple language that compiles to WASM

RaptorJIT

Dynamic language for system programming (LuaJIT fork)

Red

Strongly inspired by Rebol, but with a broader field of usage thanks to its native-code compiler, from system programming to high-level scripting and cross-platform reactive GUI. ( )

Rhai

Embedded scripting language for Rust

Rune

Embeddable dynamic programming language for Rust. ( ) ( )

Multi-paradigm, high-level, general-purpose programming language designed for performance and safety, especially safe concurrency

Scale

Open Source stack-based concatenative programming language

Prototype-based dynamic object-oriented programming language, environment, and virtual machine. ( )

Shattuck

Rust-based script programming language

Shen/C

C port of the Shen programming language

Shen/Go

Go port of the Shen language

Shiika

Statically-typed programming language. Looks like Ruby, but has explicit type annotations

Silk

Small system programming language. Flexible and simple as C, but more pleasant to write. ( )

Skew

Web-first, cross-platform programming language with an optimizing compiler. ( )

Skip

Programming language to skip the things you have already computed

SmallDragon

Simple, statically typed programming language that can be transpiled to C. ( )

Smudge

Domain-specific language for state machines

SourcePawn

Small and fast typed language for embedding in host applications

Starlark in Rust

Deterministic language inspired by Python3, used for configuration in the build systems Bazel and Buck

StarShip

Interpreted, strongly typed, and functional programming language written in Swift

Taichi

Productive programming language for portable, high-performance, sparse & differentiable computing. ( )

Tau

Open source interpreted programming language designed to be minimal, fast and efficient

Tengo

Fast script language for Go

ThinScript

Low-level programming language inspired by TypeScript

tin

Statically structurally typed JIT-compiled programming language, mainly for embedding in other programs

Titan

New programming language, designed to be a statically-typed, ahead-of-time compiled sister language to Lua

Imperative, procedural programming language dedicated to parsing and other text-processing tasks. ( )

TypeLang

Tiny language interpreter implemented purely in TypeScript's type-system

Umka

Statically typed embeddable scripting language

Fast, safe, and easy programming language. It uses single ownership with constraint references for memory safety without garbage collection, and an emphasis on modern, readable syntax. ( ) ( ) ( )

Val

Open source, general-purpose programming language designed around on the concept of (mutable) value semantics

Verona

Research programming language to explore the concept of concurrent ownership

Fast, safe, compiled language

Virgil

Fast and lightweight native programming language designed for fast, dependency-free programs. ( )

vizh

Esoteric visual language that takes image files as input based on a multi-tape turing machine, designed for compatibility with C

Volt

Systems level programming language written in D

Wasp

Web Application Specification Language. Extensible DSL (domain-specific language) for building modern web apps with less code. ( ) ( )

wax

Tiny language that transpiles to C, Java and TypeScript. ( )

Esoteric programming language that closely follows the grammar and tone of classical Chinese literature

Programming Language with Extended Static Checking. ( )

Wren

Small, fast, class-based concurrent scripting language. ( ) ( )

Wuffs

Memory-safe programming language (and a standard library written in that language) for wrangling untrusted file formats safely

Wu

Practical game and data language. ( )

XL

Extensible programming language designed to accomodate a variety of programming needs with ease

Yatta

Minimalistic, opiniated, (strongly) dynamically typed, strict, functional programming language, with ML-like syntax, for GraalVM

Dynamic language that compiles to Lua. ( )

Scripting language designed for efficiency, enabling dynamic extension and modification of high performance software

Zig

Robust, optimal, and clear programming language